LinuxLL Book 2 Assembly Programming with GAS Intel Syntax

Inside the book

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• Low-Level Programming on Linux (x86-64) : Assembly Programming with GAS (Intel Syntax) Prepared by Ayman Alheraki simplifycpp.org November 2025 Contents Contents 2 Author’s Introduction 11 1 Toolchain Fundamentals 13 1.1 as, ld, and gcc -c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.1.1 The Assembler: as . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 1.1.2 The Linker: ld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1.1.3 The Compiler Driver: gcc -c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 1.1.4 Example: Calling Assembly from C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 1.1.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.2 objdump and readelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.2.1 Disassembly with objdump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 1.2.2 Inspecting ELF Metadata with readelf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 1.2.3 Inspecting a Linked Binary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 1.2.4 Using objdump to Verify Optimization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 1.2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.3 Makefile Basics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.3.1 Minimal Makefile for an Assembly Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 1.3.2 Makefile Using gcc as Driver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 2 3 1.3.3 Pattern Rules and Scalability . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 1.3.4 Phony Targets and Convenience . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .